Australia

National elections are largely free and fair. Control over government regularly alternates between the former center-right Coalition consisting of the Liberal and National parties, until it disbanded in May 2025, and the center-left Labor Party. Each of them typically wins elections with modest margins. On rare occasions, either of them would win three or more consecutive terms due to shifting political trends. The Electoral Commission, in charge of administering the elections, ensures independent electoral oversight.

Independent media, political leaders, civil society leaders, organizations, and regular people are largely free to openly criticize or challenge the government. Australia has a robust civil society, media, and protest culture. The media landscape is nevertheless marred by high levels of ownership concentration. In recent years, federal and state governments have promulgated a series of laws that restrict the manner in which peaceful protests can be carried out. Many environmental activists have been affected by this law.

Institutions largely serve as a check on the government. Courts are able to effectively preside over cases concerning elections and political dissent, with limited exceptions. The Albanese government has also proposed or implemented key reforms that support the independence and operational effectiveness of the legislature, executive, and independent bodies.